Scaffolding is a temporary structure used to support people and material in the construction or repair of buildings and other large structures. It is usually a modular system of metal pipes or tubes, although it can be from other materials. Bamboo is frequently used in some Asian countries, Such as Honk Kong.

The Berlin Foundry Cup depicts scaffolding in ancient Greece (early 5th century BC). The ancient Egyptians, Nubians and Chinese are also recorded as having used scaffolding-like structures to build tall buildings. The ancient Africans have also used wooden scaffoldings to support mosques.

This European Standard specifies performance requirements and methods of structural and general design for access and working scaffolds. Requirements given are for scaffold structures that rely on the adjacent structures for stability. In general these requirements also apply to other types of working scaffolds.
The purpose of a working scaffold is to provide a safe place of work with safe access suitable for the work being done. This document sets out performance requirements for working scaffolds. These are substantially independent of the materials of which the scaffold is made. The standard is intended to be used as the basis for enquiry and design.Thus the requirements of BS EN 12811-1. TG20 is largely based on BS 5973 with extracts taken directly from the old code, it also uses permissible stress design method. However, TG20 received a mixed response from the UK industry and as a result TG20 is being re-written and the new version is due for release sometime in 2008. This is the reason for the 'limbo' situation. Until the release of the revised TG20 the HSE continue to allow scaffold to be built in accordance with BS 5973.

Basic scaffolding

The vital components of the scaffold are standards, ledgers and transoms. The standards, also recognized as uprights, can be the vertical tubes that shift the whole mass belonging in the direction of framework in the direction of soil in which they sleep on the rectangular bottom plate to distribute the load. The bottom plate consists of a shank in its center to preserve the tube and is also occasionally pinned to some individual board. Ledgers are horizontal tubes which connect among the standards. Transoms sleep upon the ledgers at good angles. major transoms are positioned subsequent in the direction of standards, they preserve the needs in area and provide help for boards intermediate transoms are those people positioned among the major transoms to provide additional help for boards. In Canada this design is referred to as "English". "American" has the transoms attached in the direction of needs and is also utilized much less but has particular benefits in some situations. because scaffolding could possibly be considered a actual structure, it is feasible to go in and arrive away from scaffolding.
As nicely since the tubes at good anglesare cross braces to enhance rigidity, they are positioned diagonally from ledger to ledger, subsequent in the direction of needs to which they are fitted. once the braces are fitted in the direction of ledgers they are recognized as ledger braces. To restrict sway a facade brace is fitted in the direction of experience belonging in the direction of scaffold every 30 meters or so at an angle of 35°-55° operating good through the bottom in the direction of best belonging in the direction of scaffold and repaired at every level.
Of the couplers previously mentioned, right-angle couplers become a member of ledgers or transoms to standards, putlog or individual couplers become a member of board bearing transoms to ledgers - Non-board bearing transoms ought for getting repaired producing utilization of the right-angle coupler. Swivel couplers are to connect tubes at any other angle. The real joints are staggered to stay away from happening at exactly the comparable level in neighboring standards.
The spacing belonging in the direction of essential components from the scaffold are pretty standard. for just about any standard aim scaffold the greatest bay length is 2.1 m, for heavier run the bay sizing is decreased to some few of as well as 1.8 m even although for inspection a bay width of as very much as 2.7 m is allowed.
The scaffolding width is determined in the width belonging in the direction of boards, the bare minimum width permitted is 600 mm but a additional standard four-board scaffold can be 870 mm broad from standard to standard. additional heavy-duty scaffolding can need 5, 6 as well as as very much as 8 board's width. regularly an within board is additional to decrease the gap among the inner standard as well as the structure.
The lift height, the spacing among ledgers, is a few of m, even although the bottom lift could possibly be as very much as 2.7 m. The diagram above also exhibits a kicker lift, that is just 150 mm or so above the ground.
Transom spacing is determined in the thickness belonging in the direction of boards supported, 38 mm boards need a transom spacing of no additional than 1.2 m even although a fifty mm board can stand a transom spacing of 2.6 m and 63 mm boards can possess a greatest span of 3.25 m. The bare minimum overhang for all boards is fifty mm as well as the greatest overhang is no additional than 4x the thickness belonging in the direction of board.
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Foundations

Good foundations are essential. regularly scaffold framework will require additional than effortless bottom plates to safely hold and distribute the load. Scaffolding could possibly be utilized without getting bottom plates on concrete or comparable difficult surfaces, even although bottom plates are consistently recommended. For surfaces like pavements or tarmac bottom plates are necessary. For softer or additional doubtful surfaces individual boards should be used, under just one standard just one board ought for getting a bare minimum of 1,000 cm² without any dimension much lower than 220 mm, the thickness should be considered a bare minimum of 35 mm. For heavier duty scaffold very much additional considerable baulks founded in concrete could possibly be required. On uneven soil actions should be reduce for the bottom plates, a bare minimum activity sizing of near to 450 mm is recommended. A operating system demands particular other components for getting safe. They should be close-boarded, have double shield rails and toe and quit boards. risk-free and protected entry should be also provided.

Materials

The essential means are tubes, couplers and boards.
Tubes are both metal or aluminum, even although composite scaffolding utilizes filament wound tubes of translucent glass dietary fiber within of a nylon or polyester matrix. If metal they are both 'black' or galvanized. The tubes arrive within of a broad variety of lengths as well as a standard diameter of 48.3 mm. (1.5 NPS pipe). The chief variance among the two sorts of tubes could possibly be the decrease extra fat of aluminum tubes (1.7 kg/m as opposed to 4.4 kg/m) as well as a higher versatility and a good deal less resistance to force. Tubes are usually purchased in 6.3 m lengths and may then be reduce along to particular standard sizes.
Boards provide a operating surface area for customers belonging in the direction of scaffold. They are seasoned wooden and arrive in three thicknesses (38 mm (usual), fifty mm and 63 mm) undoubtedly are a standard width (225 mm) and so undoubtedly are a greatest of 3.9 m long. The board ends are protected by material plates recognized as hoop irons or occasionally toenail plates. Timber Scaffold boards from the british may comply using the needs of BS 2482. furthermore to timber, metal or aluminum decking is utilized or laminate boards. furthermore to boards for the operating system there are individual boards that are positioned under the scaffolding once the surface area is gentle or otherwise suspect, even although normal boards could possibly be used, one more design and design recognized since the scaffpad is one more solution since it is produced from the rubber bottom getting a bottom plate molded inside, they are very good to satisfy on uneven soil because they adapt to any soil in which individual boards would split costing additional bucks to replace.
Couplers can be the fittings which preserve the tubes together. one of the most standard are recognized as scaffold couplers, there are three essential types: right-angle couplers, putlog couplers and swivel couplers. to be a member of tubes end-to-end joint pins (also recognized as spigots) or sleeve couplers are used, or equally together. Only good angle couplers and swivel couplers could possibly be utilized to fix tube within of a 'load-bearing connection'. individual couplers are not load-bearing couplers and have no design and design capacity.
Boards provide a operating surface area for customers belonging in the direction of scaffold. They are seasoned wooden and arrive in three thicknesses (38 mm (usual), fifty mm and 63 mm) undoubtedly are a standard width (225 mm) and so undoubtedly are a greatest of 3.9 m long. The board ends are protected by material plates recognized as hoop irons or occasionally toenail plates. Timber Scaffold boards from the british may comply using the needs of BS 2482. furthermore to timber, metal or aluminum decking is utilized or laminate boards. furthermore to boards for the operating system there are individual boards that are positioned under the scaffolding once the surface area is gentle or otherwise suspect, even although normal boards could possibly be used, one more design and design recognized since the scaffpad is one more solution since it is produced from the rubber bottom getting a bottom plate molded inside, they are very good to satisfy on uneven soil because they adapt to any soil in which individual boards would split costing additional bucks to replace.
Couplers can be the fittings which preserve the tubes together. one of the most standard are recognized as scaffold couplers, there are three essential types: right-angle couplers, putlog couplers and swivel couplers. to be a member of tubes end-to-end joint pins (also recognized as spigots) or sleeve couplers are used, or equally together. Only good angle couplers and swivel couplers could possibly be utilized to fix tube within of a 'load-bearing connection'. individual couplers are not load-bearing couplers and have no design and design capacity.
Other standard means consist of bottom plates, ladders, ropes, anchor ties, reveal ties, gin wheels, sheeting, etc.
Despite the metric measurements offered many scaffolds gauge tubes and boards in imperial units. With tubes from 21 ft along and boards from 13 ft. down.
Bamboo scaffolding is extensively utilized in Hong Kong, with nylon straps tied into knots as couplers.